AI scans 400,000 Reddit posts to flag overlooked GLP-1 side effectsby University of Pennsylvania edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Robert Egan By using AI to analyze more than 400,000 Reddit posts, Penn researchers have identified patient-reported symptoms associated with GLP-1s, the popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs semaglutide and tirzepatide, that may not be fully captured in clinical trials or regulatory documents. The new study, published in Nature Health, covers more than half a decade of posts from nearly 70,000 Reddit users and highlights two main classes of symptoms that warrant further study: reproductive symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, and temperature-related complaints, such as chills and hot flashes. "Some of the side effects we found, like nausea, are well known, and that shows that the method is picking up a real signal," says Sharath Chandra Guntuku, Research Associate Professor in Computer and Information Science (CIS) at Penn Engineering and the study's senior author. "The underreported symptoms are leads that came from patients themselves, unprompted, and clinicians could potentially pay attention to them." "Clinical trials generally identify the most dangerous side effects of drugs," adds Lyle Ungar, Professor in CIS and a co-author on the study. "But they can fail to find what symptoms patients are most concerned about; even though social media is not necessarily representative, a large collection of posts may reflect additional concerns." The researchers caution that their findings are not causal. "We can't say that GLP-1s are actually causing these symptoms," notes Neil Sehgal, the study's first author and a doctoral student in CIS advised by Guntuku and Ungar. "But nearly 4% of the Reddit users in our sample reported menstrual irregularities, which would be even higher in a female-only sample. We think that's a signal worth investigating." Studying social media for healthIn 2011, Ungar participated in one of the earliest efforts to mine online, user-created content for information about drugs' adverse effects. "Online patient communities work a lot like a neighborhood grapevine," says Ungar. "People who are living with these medications are swapping notes with each other in real time, sharing experiences that rarely make it into a doctor's office visit or an official report." In the years since, social media use has only grown, making data from these platforms increasingly promising as a source of information about the side effects of medications, even as the platforms themselves have made accessing the data more difficult. (Guntuku has also published research on strategies for adapting to changes in platform access.) "Clinical trials are the gold standard, but by design, they are slow," says Guntuku. "This is not a replacement for trials, but it can move much faster, and that speed matters when a drug goes from niche to mainstream almost overnight." Leveraging AI to analyze social mediaUntil now, the most challenging part of this process, which Guntuku calls "computational social listening," has been scale. Because users vary in how they describe their symptoms, the effort required to map individual social media posts to language in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), which clinicians use to describe symptoms, limited the amount of data this approach could handle. Now, large language models like GPT or Gemini have enabled the systematic analysis of social media posts at an unprecedented scale. "Large language models have made it possible to do this kind of analysis much faster with a level of standardization that could be difficult to achieve before," says Sehgal. Unreported symptomsWhile the population the researchers studied is admittedly not representative—Reddit users are younger, more likely to be male and disproportionately based in the United States—the symptoms described in their collective accounts largely match the known side effects of semaglutide and tirzepatide: about 44% of users in the study described at least one side effect, most commonly some form of gastrointestinal distress. What stood out was the nontrivial percentage of users who reported symptoms that may not be fully reflected in current drug labeling or routine adverse-event reporting. Nearly 4% of users who reported side effects described reproductive symptoms, including menstrual changes such as intermenstrual bleeding, heavy bleeding, and irregular cycles. Others reported temperature-related complaints, such as chills, feeling cold, hot flashes, and fever-like symptoms. In addition, fatigue ranked as the second most common complaint among Reddit users, despite reaching reporting thresholds in relatively few clinical trials. "These drugs are thought to work by engaging part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which helps regulate a wide variety of hormones," says Jena Shaw Tronieri, Senior Research Investigator at Penn's Center for Weight and Eating Disorders and a co-author of the study. "That doesn't mean the medications are necessarily causing these symptoms, but it could suggest that reports of menstrual changes and body temperature fluctuations are worth studying more systematically." Future directionsIn the near term, the researchers hope their findings will encourage clinicians and researchers to take a closer look at the side effects patients are discussing online. "They're clearly on patients' minds, and that's worth paying attention to," says Sehgal. The team also hopes to expand the work beyond Reddit and beyond English-language communities to test whether the same patterns appear across different platforms and populations. "We don't really know yet whether what we're seeing on Reddit reflects the experience of GLP-1 users globally, or whether it's particular to the kind of person who posts on Reddit in the United States," Ungar says. Ultimately, the researchers believe this kind of rapid, AI-assisted social media analysis could become a useful way to spot early warning signs around emerging drugs and wellness trends. For substances that trend quickly online, especially those sold in loosely regulated or unregulated markets, like injectable peptides, patient discussions on platforms like Reddit and TikTok may offer one of the earliest clues to what users are actually experiencing. "The whole point of this kind of approach is that it can move quickly, and that's exactly when it's most valuable," says Guntuku. ARTICLE SOURCE: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-04-ai-scans-reddit-flag-overlooked.html
Foods that Americans were told to avoid for decades are back under Trump's new nutrition rules
By Andrea Margolis
Published January 18, 2026 11:01am PST
Foods that Americans were advised to avoid for decades are back on shopping lists — following updated federal dietary guidance released under President Donald Trump's administration.
After years of being told to avoid full-fat dairy, red meat and saturated fats like butter and beef tallow, the White House said updated guidance no longer broadly discourages those foods when consumed in moderation.
The changes reflect revisions to federal nutrition recommendations developed through the Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Agriculture (USDA), rather than a wholesale reversal of prior advice.
Image: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Department of Health & Human Services
It doesn't mean that every fatty food is encouraged. For example, experts still caution against eating too many processed snacks that are high in saturated fat such as chips, cookies and ice cream.
HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said he was "ending the war on saturated fats" — though the updated report continues to recommend limits on daily intake.
"Protein and healthy fats are essential and were wrongly discouraged in prior dietary guidelines," he said.
Here's a handy summary of which foods are back — and how federal guidance and nutrition experts say they should be consumed.
1. Full-fat milk and yogurt
The new 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans describe full-fat milk and yogurt as "healthy fats."
"In general, saturated fat consumption should not exceed 10% of total daily calories," the report states.
"Significantly limiting highly processed foods will help meet this goal. More high-quality research is needed to determine which types of dietary fats best support long-term health."
Full-fat dairy is packed with fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E and K, which "allows for better transportation and absorption," said Amy Goldsmith, a Maryland-based registered dietitian and owner of Kindred Nutrition.
"There can also be an increased satiation from the products, as the fat will decrease [the hormone] ghrelin," she told Fox News Digital.
Goldsmith noted saturated fat should still be portioned, even if not completely cut out.
"This is the nuance with the new dietary guidelines," she said. "As dietitians, we want to ensure this visualization [doesn't lead] to an increase in saturated fat, as it could contribute to an increase in chronic disease."
There's usually less added sugar in full-fat products, she noted, but they still need to be portioned out to avoid the consumption of too much saturated fat and total calories.
2. Butter
The Trump administration's new report lists butter as one of several fats that may be used in cooking, while prioritizing unsaturated oils.
"When cooking with or adding fats to meals, prioritize oils with essential fatty acids, such as olive oil," according to the guidelines. "Other options can include butter or beef tallow."
Goldsmith said butter is a great source of vitamin A, which is "essential for vision and immune health."
It also has vitamin E, an antioxidant, and vitamin K2 — which "ensures calcium is used to strengthen bones and teeth."
"It also is the best source of butyric acid, which serves as an anti-inflammatory," Goldsmith said.
"Most butters are 60–70% saturated fat… so it will be difficult to keep total saturated fat intake within recommended limits if portion and volume aren't taken into consideration," she added.
"In addition, if someone already has a high LDL cholesterol, butter would not be the best source of spread as it can continue to contribute to increasing LDL."
3. Beef tallow
Beef tallow is high in vitamin A, D, E and K, similar to other animal-based fats.
Goldsmith also noted that 40–50% of beef tallow is monounsaturated fat, a proportion comparable to some plant-based oils.
"The other 50% is saturated fat, however. So once again, serving size and volume need to be considered to keep saturated fat below 10% of total calories," she said.
"In addition, beef tallow can be more expensive than butter and difficult to get."
4. Red meat
Red meat contains essential amino acids that can't be produced by the human body, a dietitian said. (Getty Images)
The new report recommends "[consuming] a variety of protein foods from animal sources, including eggs, poultry, seafood and red meat, as well as a variety of plant-sourced protein foods, including beans, peas, lentils, legumes, nuts, seeds and so."
Goldsmith noted that red meat contains all nine of the essential amino acids that can't be produced by the human body alone.
"About 60% of the iron in meat is heme iron, and it's one of the best sources of zinc," she said.
"Heme iron is absorbed into the gut fast, which means it can rapidly restore ferritin, your iron stores."
Red meat's zinc is also crucial for immune cells and inflammation control.
"The new dietary guidelines stuck with the recommendation to keep saturated fat below 10% and, on average, red meat is 40–45% saturated fat," Goldsmith said.
"It will be important to vary animal protein to keep the saturated fat number down as high saturated fat diets contribute to heart disease and cancers."
Read more from FOX News Digital
ARTICLE SOURCE: https://www.ktvu.com/news/foods-americans-were-told-avoid-decades-back-under-trumps-new-nutrition-rules
Subscribe to Carnivore Talk on YouTube | Be our guest on the channel | Leave me a voicemail, yo!