AI scans 400,000 Reddit posts to flag overlooked GLP-1 side effectsby University of Pennsylvania edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Robert Egan By using AI to analyze more than 400,000 Reddit posts, Penn researchers have identified patient-reported symptoms associated with GLP-1s, the popular weight-loss and diabetes drugs semaglutide and tirzepatide, that may not be fully captured in clinical trials or regulatory documents. The new study, published in Nature Health, covers more than half a decade of posts from nearly 70,000 Reddit users and highlights two main classes of symptoms that warrant further study: reproductive symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, and temperature-related complaints, such as chills and hot flashes. "Some of the side effects we found, like nausea, are well known, and that shows that the method is picking up a real signal," says Sharath Chandra Guntuku, Research Associate Professor in Computer and Information Science (CIS) at Penn Engineering and the study's senior author. "The underreported symptoms are leads that came from patients themselves, unprompted, and clinicians could potentially pay attention to them." "Clinical trials generally identify the most dangerous side effects of drugs," adds Lyle Ungar, Professor in CIS and a co-author on the study. "But they can fail to find what symptoms patients are most concerned about; even though social media is not necessarily representative, a large collection of posts may reflect additional concerns." The researchers caution that their findings are not causal. "We can't say that GLP-1s are actually causing these symptoms," notes Neil Sehgal, the study's first author and a doctoral student in CIS advised by Guntuku and Ungar. "But nearly 4% of the Reddit users in our sample reported menstrual irregularities, which would be even higher in a female-only sample. We think that's a signal worth investigating." Studying social media for healthIn 2011, Ungar participated in one of the earliest efforts to mine online, user-created content for information about drugs' adverse effects. "Online patient communities work a lot like a neighborhood grapevine," says Ungar. "People who are living with these medications are swapping notes with each other in real time, sharing experiences that rarely make it into a doctor's office visit or an official report." In the years since, social media use has only grown, making data from these platforms increasingly promising as a source of information about the side effects of medications, even as the platforms themselves have made accessing the data more difficult. (Guntuku has also published research on strategies for adapting to changes in platform access.) "Clinical trials are the gold standard, but by design, they are slow," says Guntuku. "This is not a replacement for trials, but it can move much faster, and that speed matters when a drug goes from niche to mainstream almost overnight." Leveraging AI to analyze social mediaUntil now, the most challenging part of this process, which Guntuku calls "computational social listening," has been scale. Because users vary in how they describe their symptoms, the effort required to map individual social media posts to language in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), which clinicians use to describe symptoms, limited the amount of data this approach could handle. Now, large language models like GPT or Gemini have enabled the systematic analysis of social media posts at an unprecedented scale. "Large language models have made it possible to do this kind of analysis much faster with a level of standardization that could be difficult to achieve before," says Sehgal. Unreported symptomsWhile the population the researchers studied is admittedly not representative—Reddit users are younger, more likely to be male and disproportionately based in the United States—the symptoms described in their collective accounts largely match the known side effects of semaglutide and tirzepatide: about 44% of users in the study described at least one side effect, most commonly some form of gastrointestinal distress. What stood out was the nontrivial percentage of users who reported symptoms that may not be fully reflected in current drug labeling or routine adverse-event reporting. Nearly 4% of users who reported side effects described reproductive symptoms, including menstrual changes such as intermenstrual bleeding, heavy bleeding, and irregular cycles. Others reported temperature-related complaints, such as chills, feeling cold, hot flashes, and fever-like symptoms. In addition, fatigue ranked as the second most common complaint among Reddit users, despite reaching reporting thresholds in relatively few clinical trials. "These drugs are thought to work by engaging part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which helps regulate a wide variety of hormones," says Jena Shaw Tronieri, Senior Research Investigator at Penn's Center for Weight and Eating Disorders and a co-author of the study. "That doesn't mean the medications are necessarily causing these symptoms, but it could suggest that reports of menstrual changes and body temperature fluctuations are worth studying more systematically." Future directionsIn the near term, the researchers hope their findings will encourage clinicians and researchers to take a closer look at the side effects patients are discussing online. "They're clearly on patients' minds, and that's worth paying attention to," says Sehgal. The team also hopes to expand the work beyond Reddit and beyond English-language communities to test whether the same patterns appear across different platforms and populations. "We don't really know yet whether what we're seeing on Reddit reflects the experience of GLP-1 users globally, or whether it's particular to the kind of person who posts on Reddit in the United States," Ungar says. Ultimately, the researchers believe this kind of rapid, AI-assisted social media analysis could become a useful way to spot early warning signs around emerging drugs and wellness trends. For substances that trend quickly online, especially those sold in loosely regulated or unregulated markets, like injectable peptides, patient discussions on platforms like Reddit and TikTok may offer one of the earliest clues to what users are actually experiencing. "The whole point of this kind of approach is that it can move quickly, and that's exactly when it's most valuable," says Guntuku. ARTICLE SOURCE: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-04-ai-scans-reddit-flag-overlooked.html
What Happened to The Women Who Ate Only Fruit
Story by Julie Hambleton
A 27-year-old woman, Karolina Krzzak, tragically died in a Bali hotel room after adhering to an extreme "fruitarian" diet. This highly restrictive, fruit-only eating pattern led to severe malnutrition and starvation, resulting in her death. At the time of her passing she weighed a mere 22 kilograms (approximately 48.5 lbs). Her story serves as a severe warning from medical professionals about the critical dangers associated with such extreme diets that promise rapid results or detoxification but lead to catastrophic health decline.
Understanding the Fruitarian Diet
- A fruitarian diet is an extreme version of the raw vegan diet where one primarily only eats fruit. Image credit: Shutterstock
The fruitarian diet is an extremely restrictive subset of veganism where the consumer's primary, or sometimes exclusive, source of nutrition is raw fruit. While variations exist, some strict followers aim for 75% or more of their diet to consist of fruits, with the remainder potentially coming from nuts, seeds, and sometimes vegetables. The philosophy behind this diet often includes claims of detoxification, spiritual purity, and a belief that consuming only foods that can be harvested without killing the plant (like fruits that have fallen off) is the most natural and ethical way to eat. However, due to its severe limitations, the fruitarian diet is highly controversial among nutritionists, as it severely lacks essential nutrients like protein, calcium, iron, zinc, Omega-3 fatty acids, and Vitamin B12. This diet has a high risk of malnutrition, muscle loss, and severe health complications.
The Consequences of Severe Malnutrition
- Her fruitarian diet pushed her body into a starvation state.
The extreme fruitarian diet deprived Karolina of essential macronutrients and micronutrients, causing her body to enter a starvation state. Medical reports indicated she was suffering from both osteoporosis, a condition marked by weakened bones, and an albumin deficiency. These are clear consequences of prolonged, poor nutrition and starvation. The doctors said that her fruit-only diet lacked vital components like proteins, fats, calcium, iron, vitamin B12, and adequate complex carbohydrates. This severe deficiency weakens the intestinal lining, disrupts electrolyte levels, and slows metabolism, ultimately causing multiple organs to fail.
Doctor’s Warning: The Dangers of Restrictive Plans
- Karolina's fruit-only diet caused her to essentially starve to death. Credit: @carolina.mariie
Medical experts from strongly cautioned against following fruit-only or similar highly restrictive diets. They explained that while fruits offer vitamins and antioxidants, relying solely on them causes severe protein-energy malnutrition, leading to muscle loss, anemia, and life-threatening electrolyte imbalances. Furthermore, the high fructose content in excessive fruit consumption can elevate sugar, trigger insulin resistance, and increase the risk of related disease. The doctors stressed that long-term adherence to such trends can result in cognitive decline, fatigue, multi-organ dysfunction, and in severe cases like Karolina's, death. They emphasized that a healthy diet must be a balanced combination of fruits, vegetables, sufficient proteins, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats.
Not The First ‘Fruitarian' To Suffer A Similar Fate
- Zhanna Samsonova also died in 2023 from eating a fruit-only diet.
Sadly, Karolina is not the first to suffer this fate as a result from the fruitarian diet. Zhanna Samsonova, a Russian vegan raw food influencer known online as Zhanna D'Art, tragically died in July 2023 at the age of 39 in Malaysia. Reportedly, she died from "starvation and exhaustion" exacerbated by her extremely restrictive diet. For at least the last four years of her life, she had followed an exclusively raw vegan diet, subsisting mainly on fruits, sunflower seed sprouts, fruit smoothies, and juices. At its most extreme, friends reported her diet was almost entirely fruit-based, with some claims suggesting she had not consumed water for six years. Instead, she had opted for fruit and vegetable juices. Samsonova passionately promoted this raw food lifestyle on social media, believing it transformed her body and made her look younger than her peers.
Read More: Health Organization Offers Strict ‘Soup and Shake' Diet to Reverse Type 2 Diabetes. Does it Actually Work?
The Warning Signs and Family’s Battle
- Zhanna's health declined fast due to her fruitarian diet.
Despite her online assertions of wellness, Samsonova's health had been visibly deteriorating. Friends noted her "increasingly emaciated" appearance and expressed profound worry. One friend described how they feared "finding her lifeless body in the morning." Her mother, Vera Samsonova, had desperately fought to save her daughter, disapproving of the extreme eating habits and trying to convince her to adopt a more balanced diet. Just months before her death, friends saw her in Sri Lanka looking exhausted with swollen legs and oozing lymph nodes. She was reportedly sent home to seek treatment, only to run away and resume her travels. Her official cause of death was attributed by her mother to a "cholera-like infection," which was believed to have been worsened by the extreme exhaustion and malnutrition caused by her strict vegan diet.
Are Raw, Vegan Diets To Blame?
- Raw, vegan diets are not necessarily bad, but they must be balanced. Image credit: Shutterstock
The core issue that led to the deaths of both women was not a standard or balanced raw, vegan diet. Rather, it was the extreme and restrictive nature of the specific "fruitarian" and raw food regimens they followed that induced severe malnutrition and starvation. In the case of Karolina Krzyzak, doctors explicitly linked her death to starvation and the severe medical conditions directly caused by her fruit-only diet. Her death was a result of the catastrophic breakdown of her body due to the total lack of essential proteins, fats, and other critical nutrients. Therefore, the diet itself, by causing starvation, was the direct fatal mechanism.
Extreme Diets Are Not The Answer
The human body is complex and requires a wide range of macro- and micronutrients in order to function and thrive. The issue with extreme or restrictive diets such as these are that they don't provide even the minimum amount of calories that a person needs for the basic functioning of their body. Yes, fruits and vegetables are good for you – both in raw and cooked forms. Yes, the general population could eat more of these products. However, eating only fruits and vegetables does not provide you with enough protein, carbohydrates, fat, and calories to live. Eventually your body's systems will start failing. True health comes from a diet that contains a proper balance of a variety of different foods. Whole grains, root vegetables and tubers, lentils, beans, unsaturated oils, nuts and seeds, and animal sources of proteins if you so choose. It is also okay to occasionally include foods with less nutritional value, like cakes, cookies, french fries – so long as they are not regular occurance. Fruits and vegetables should be staple parts of our diet, but they cannot be the only thing we eat. If you are unsure if you are getting the right nutrition that you need, speak with a registered dietitian. They can help you build the diet that is right for you.
Disclaimer: This information is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and is for information only. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions about your medical condition and/or current medication. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking advice or treatment because of something you have read here.
ARTICLE SOURCE: https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/what-happened-to-the-women-who-ate-only-fruit/ar-AA1QrBt2?
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